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The Government of Morocco sees Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. The Moroccan government considers the Polisario Front as a separatist movement given the alleged Moroccan origins of some of its leaders, and a puppet in the hands of Algeria. The Polisario Front argues that according to international organizations as the UN or the AU, the territory of Western Sahara has the right of self-determination, and according to that organizations Morocco illegally occupies the parts of Western Sahara under its control. POLISARIO sees that as a consequence of the vision of a Great Morocco, fuelled in the past by the Istiqlal and Hassan II, and considers itself a national liberation movement aiming at leading the disputed territory to independence under the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The United States, the European Union, the African Union and the United Nations do not recognize the sovereignty of Morocco over Western Sahara. ==Human rights== The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human rights abuses, most notably the aerial bombardments with Napalm and White phosphorus of the Sahrawi refugee camps, the consequently exodus of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, and the forced expropriation and expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from Algeria in reaction to the Green March〔(【引用サイトリンク】language=arabic )〕 as well as violations of human rights and serious breaches of the Geneva convention by the Polisario Front, the Moroccan government and the Algerian government. Both Morocco and the Polisario accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and the Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, respectively. Morocco and organisations such as France Libertés consider Algeria to be directly responsible for any crimes committed on its territory, and accuse the country of having been directly involved in such violations.〔 Morocco has been repeatedly condemned and criticized for its actions in Western Sahara by several international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as: *Amnesty International〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Broken Promises: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and its Follow-up )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: No more half measures: Addressing enforced disappearances in Morocco and Western Sahara )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/ Western Sahara: Further Information on UA 16/08 – Fear of unfair imprisonment/ Prisoners of conscience/ Health concern )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/ Western Sahara: Three years’ imprisonment for putting a profile of Prince Moulay Rachid on Facebook )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: New arrests and allegations of torture of Sahrawi human rights defenders )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Justice must begin with torture inquiries )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture of detainees must end )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture in the "anti-terrorism" campaign – the case of Témara detention centre )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: Briefing to the Committee against torture (November 2003) )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco/Western Sahara: reports of secret detention and torture on the rise )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco and Western Sahara Human Rights )〕 *Human Rights Watch〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara: Keeping It Secret – The United Nations Operation In The Western Sahara )〕 *World Organization Against Torture *Freedom House *Reporters Without Borders〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Swedish photographer expelled from Western Sahara a day after his arrest )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Journalist assaulted in the name of Moroccan control of Western Sahara )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Journalists working in Western Sahara face assaults, arrests and harassment )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara, government corruption and palace life are all off-limits for the press )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Two Norwegian journalists threatened with expulsion )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Appeal court upholds exorbitant damages award against Journal Hebdomadaire )〕 *International Committee of the Red Cross *UN High Commissioner for Human Rights〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Report of the OHCHR to Western Sahara & the refugee camps in Tindouf 2006 )〕 *Derechos Human Rights〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Human rights in Morocco & Western Sahara )〕 *Defend International *Front Line Defenders〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara: UPDATE – Human rights defenders on hunger strike in protest at continued arbitrary detention )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara: Severe beating of human rights defender, Mr Mohammed al-Tahleel by security forces )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara: Torture and solitary confinement of human rights defender Mr Yahya Mohamed el Hafed Aaza )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara: Systematic repression of human rights defenders )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/13753 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/19657 )〕〔 *International Federation of Human Rights *Society for Threatened Peoples〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2204&stayInsideTree=1 )〕 *Norwegian Refugee Council *Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://rfkcenter.org/rfk-center-and-human-rights-watch-urge-united-nations-to-support-human-rights-in-western-sahara-7 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://rfkcenter.org/western-sahara-report-on-human-rights-violations?lang=en )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://rfkcenter.org/rfk-center-condemns-brutal-attack-of-human-rights-defenders-children-in-western-sahara?lang=en )〕 *Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies *Arabic Network for Human Rights Information *Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network POLISARIO has received criticism from the French organization (France Libertes ) on its treatment of Moroccan prisoners-of-war,〔 and on its general behaviour in the Tindouf refugee camps in reports by the (Strategic Intelligence and Security Center ). A number of Former members of Polisario who have joined Morocco accuse the organisation of abuse of human rights and sequestration of the population in Tindouf〔(【引用サイトリンク】Guerre de clans et scission inévitable à Tindouf, selon trois ex-responsables du ''Polisario'' ayant regagné le Maroc )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】Les geôliers de Tindouf mis à nu )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】Quatrieme Commission: Le Maroc Reste Attache Au Plan De Reglement Et A La Tenue D'un Referendum Transparent Au Sahara Occidental )〕 During the war (1975–91), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. Neither claim has met with support abroad. The USA, EU, AU and UN refused to include the Polisario Front on their lists of terrorist organizations. Polisario Front leaders maintain that they are ideologically opposed to terrorism, as they had condemned terrorist attacks〔(【引用サイトリンク】The President of the Republic presents his condolences to the King of Spain and the Head of the Government after terrorist attacks in Madrid )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】The President of the Republic expresses Saharawi people’s condolences to British people )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】President of Republic consoles his Ugandan counterpart on victims of Kampala bomb attacks )〕 and signed the "Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism", in the framework of the African Union.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Protocol to the OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism )〕 Human rights are repressed in the Moroccan-controlled territories of Western Sahara, according to Amnesty International in 2003 and Human Rights Watch in 2004.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Amnesty International – Morocco/Western Sahara – Covering events from January – December 2002 [http://hrw.org/reports/2004/morocco1004/ Morocco: Human Rights at a Crossroads )〕 While the situation has improved since the early 1990s, the political liberalization in Morocco has not had the same effect on Western Sahara according to Amnesty International in 2004., when it comes to having a pro-independence position. There are allegations of police abuse and torture by Polisario-organisations.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara – Sahara Occidental -Droits humains )〕 and suspected dissidents are harassed. The United States State Department reported in 2000 that there were arbitrary arrests of Sahrawis and no organized labor. Prisoners of conscience were kept in squalid conditions according to Polisario-groups.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Western Sahara Online – Pictures depicting one of the darkest places of Moroccan occupation, the infamous "Black Prison" in El Aaiun )〕 Some Sahrawis also complain of systematic discrimination in favor of Moroccan settlers. The Moroccan response to the demonstrations of 2005 was very aggressive, and provoked international reactions. In a criticised mass trial in December 2005, 14 leading Sahrawi activists were sentenced to prison sentences; many more had previously been detained. Most of these prisoners were later released by royal decree in the spring of 2006, but some have since again been rearrested. According to the US State Department's 2006 report on Morocco "''The law generally provides for freedom of speech and of the press. The government generally respected these rights in practice, as long as Islam, the monarchy, and territorial integrity (the inclusion of the Western Sahara) were not criticized. Throughout the year several publications tested the boundaries of press freedom.''" The US State Department's 2005 report on Morocco's attitude towards human rights noted that "[i]n 2004 various international human rights groups estimated that 700 persons were imprisoned for advocating Western Saharan independence.". Foreign journalists and visiting missions have been prevented from visiting the territory and in some instances deported from it. In 2004, Moroccan newsman Ali Lmrabet was sentenced to heavy fines and ten-year ban on practicing journalism, for referring in an article to the Sahrawis in Tindouf, Algeria, as being "refugees" rather than "sequestered" or "kidnapped", as is the official Moroccan position.〔 Sahrawi human rights organizations have been refused permission to operate in Morocco: the Sahrawi branch of the Moroccan Forum for Truth and Justice (FVJ) was dissolved in 2003, and its members arrested. They were later released in the royal amnesties of 2006, or before that, even if some have since been rearrested again. Presently, several organisations, such as the ASVDH, operate illegally, with activists occasionally subject to arrests and harassment, whereas others, such as the polisario close AFAPREDESA, are mainly active in exile. Sahrawi activists have tried to compensate for this through extensive use of the Internet, reporting from illegal demonstrations, and documenting police abuse and torture through online pictures and video. Morocco has responded by blockading Internet access to these sites in Morocco and in Western Sahara, prompting accusations of Internet censorship. On 20 December 2005 Reporters Without Borders reported that Morocco has added Anonymizer to its Internet blacklist, days after the association recommended the service to Moroccans and Sahrawis wishing to access the banned Sahrawi sites. "These websites, promoting independence for Western Sahara, have been censored since the beginning of December" it reports. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Western Sahara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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